Method of operating a voltage regulator

ABSTRACT

A method of operating a first voltage regulator includes electrically coupling a transistor of an output stage of the first voltage regulator between a first power voltage and a second power voltage, and reverse biasing a bulk of the transistor by a back-bias circuit during a standby mode of a memory array. The first voltage regulator is coupled to a second voltage regulator and reverse biasing the bulk of the transistor reduces a contention current between the first voltage regulator and the second voltage regulator.

PRIORITY CLAIM

The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/698,120, filed Apr. 28, 2015, which is a continuation U.S. application Ser. No. 12/820,712, filed Jun. 22, 2010, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to the field of semiconductor circuits, and more particularly, to voltage regulators, memory circuits, and operating methods thereof.

BACKGROUND

Memory circuits have been used in various applications. Memory circuits can include dynamic random access memory (DRAM) circuits, static random access memory (SRAM) circuits, and non-volatile memory circuits. A DRAM circuit has a plurality of memory cells. For a DRAM circuit in which arrays of capacitive storage memory cells are provided, each memory cell has an access transistor. Data stored in each memory cell is actually a charge stored on a small capacitor. When the data is to be output, the access transistor is activated by a word line (WL) coupled to the gate or control terminal of the transistor. The access transistor can couple the capacitor to a bit line (BL) coupled to a sense amplifier for sensing the voltage of the capacitor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure is best understood from the following detailed description when read with the accompanying figures. It is emphasized that various features are not drawn to scale and are used for illustration purposes only. In fact, the numbers and dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity of discussion.

FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing illustrating an exemplary memory macro including a memory array electrically coupled with a voltage regulator.

FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing illustrating an exemplary memory circuit including a plurality of memory macros.

FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing illustrating an exemplary voltage regulator.

FIG. 4 is a schematic drawing illustrating another exemplary voltage regulator.

FIG. 5 is a schematic flow illustrating an exemplary method of operating a memory circuit during a data retention mode.

FIG. 6 is a schematic drawing showing a system including an exemplary memory circuit.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A memory circuit has a plurality of memory macros. The memory macros each have a voltage regulator that is electrically coupled to each other. Each voltage regulator provides a common plate voltage to the corresponding memory array. Ideally, the voltage regulators provide the same common plate voltage for data storages.

Due to a process variation, the common plate voltages provided by the voltage regulators are different. The common plate voltage mismatch results in a current contention among the voltage regulators. During the standby mode of the memory macros, the current contention still exists among the voltage regulators. The current contention wastes the power of the memory circuit during the standby mode.

It is understood that the following disclosure provides many different embodiments or examples. Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. In addition, the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various examples. This repetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed. Moreover, the formation of a feature on, connected to, and/or coupled to another feature in the present disclosure that follows may include embodiments in which the features are formed in direct contact, and may also include embodiments in which additional features may be formed interposing the features, such that the features may not be in direct contact. In addition, spatially relative terms, for example, “lower,” “upper,” “horizontal,” “vertical,” “above,” “below,” “up,” “down,” “top,” “bottom,” etc. as well as derivatives thereof (e.g., “horizontally,” “downwardly,” “upwardly,” etc.) are used for ease of the present disclosure of one features relationship to another feature. The spatially relative terms are intended to cover different orientations of the device including the features.

FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing illustrating an exemplary memory macro including a memory array electrically coupled with a voltage regulator. In FIG. 1, a memory macro 100 can include a memory array 101 that is electrically coupled with a voltage regulator 110. In some embodiments, the memory macro 100 can include an address decoder for selecting a memory cell according to an address signal, a sense amplifier for amplifying data read out of each memory cell, a write driver for writing data into each memory cell, and/or one or more other memory circuit components. In other embodiments, the memory macro 100 can be a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) macro, an embedded DRAM (eDRAM) macro, or any suitable memory macro that includes cell capacitors for storing data.

Referring to FIG. 1, the memory array 101 can include a plurality of word lines and a plurality of bit lines. In some embodiments, a memory cell 101 a of the memory array 101 can be electrically coupled with a bit line (BL) and a word line (WL) of the memory array 101. The memory cell 101 a can include a cell transistor (T_(C)) and a cell capacitor (C_(C)). The cell capacitor C_(C) is configured for storing a charge representative of a datum, e.g., “0” or “1”. The cell capacitor C_(C) can include capacitor plates 105 a and 105 b. The capacitor plate 105 a can be electrically coupled with the cell transistor T_(C). The capacitor plate 105 b can be electrically coupled with the voltage regulator 110. In some embodiments, the capacitor plate 105 b can be referred to as a common plate. The capacitor plate 105 b can be electrically coupled with capacitor plates of other memory cells in the memory array 101.

It is noted that though only one memory cell 101 a is depicted, another cell (not shown) can be placed at each intersection of the word lines and the bit lines. A portion of a memory array 101 may have 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 or more columns that can be arranged in word widths. In some embodiments, the word lines can be laid out substantially orthogonally to the bit lines. In other embodiments, other arrangements of the word lines and bit lines can be provided.

Referring to FIG. 1, the voltage regulator 110 can be configured to provide a common plate voltage V_(CP1) to the capacitor plate 105 b of each memory cell 101 a of the memory array 101. In some embodiments, the voltage regulator 110 can include an output stage 120 that is electrically coupled with an output end 110 a of the voltage regulator 110. The output stage 120 can include at least one transistor, e.g., a P-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (PMOS) transistor 121 and an N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (NMOS) transistor 125. The PMOS transistor 121 and the NMOS transistor 125 can each have a bulk and drain (not labeled).

The voltage regulator 110 can include a back-bias circuit 130. The back-bias circuit 130 can be electrically coupled with the bulks of the PMOS transistor 121 and the NMOS transistor 125. During a standby mode of the memory macro 100, the back-bias circuit 130 can be configured to provide bulk voltages to the bulks of the PMOS transistor 121 and the NMOS transistor 125, such that the bulk and the drain of each of the PMOS transistor 121 and the NMOS transistor 125 are reverse biased. In some embodiments, the term “standby mode of the memory macro 100” can mean that all memory cells of the memory array 101 are not accessed, e.g., no read and/or write operations. In some embodiments, each bulk of the PMOS transistor 121 and the NMOS transistor 125 can be referred to as an n-type well region, a p-type well region, an n-type deep well region, a p-type deep well region, an n-type shallow well region, a p-type shallow well region, an n-type buried layer, a p-type buried layer, or a semiconductor substrate.

Referring again to FIG. 1, the PMOS transistor 121 can be electrically coupled between the output end 110 a of the voltage regulator 110 and a power line for providing a power voltage, e.g., power voltage V_(DD). The NMOS transistor 125 can be electrically coupled between the output end 110 a of the voltage regulator 110 and a power line for providing a power voltage, e.g., power voltage V_(SS) or ground.

It is noted that the number and/or type of the transistors of the output stage 120 described above in conjunction with FIG. 1 are merely exemplary. In some embodiments, the output stage 120 can include a single transistor electrically coupled with a resistor. The output end 110 a is between the single transistor and the resistor. The back-bias circuit 130 can provide a voltage to the bulk of the single transistor to reverse bias the bulk and drain of the single transistor. In other embodiments, the output stage 120 can include three or more transistors at least one of which can be reverse biased during the standby mode of the memory macro.

It is also noted that though only one back-bias circuit 130 is shown in FIG. 1 to control the bulk voltages of the transistors, the scope of this application is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, two or more back-bias circuits can be used to separately control the bulk voltages of the transistors.

In some embodiments, the memory macro 100 can be electrically coupled with another memory macro, e.g., memory macro 200, as shown in FIG. 2. The memory macro 200 can include a memory array 201 electrically coupled with a voltage regulator 201. Structures of the memory array 201 and the voltage regulator 210 can be similar to those of the memory array 101 and the voltage regulator 110, respectively. In FIG. 2, the memory array 101 can be electrically coupled with the memory array 201 through, for example, at least one word line routed therebetween. In some embodiments, the voltage regulator 110 can be electrically coupled with the voltage regulator 210 through at least one memory array, e.g., the memory arrays 101 and 201. In other embodiments, the voltage regulator 210 can be directly electrically coupled with the voltage regulator 110 through a conductive line. In still other embodiments, the output end 110 a of the voltage regulator 110 can be electrically coupled with an output end 210 a of the voltage regulator 210. Though only two memory macros are shown in FIG. 2, the scope of the application is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, the memory circuit can include three or more memory macros that are electrically coupled to each other.

In some embodiments, the memory macros 100 and 200 both are operated under the standby mode. As noted, the voltage regulator 110 can provide the common plate voltage V_(CP1) to the common plate of each memory cell 101 a of the memory array 101. Similarly, the voltage regulator 210 can provide another common plate voltage V_(CP2) to the common plate of each memory cell of the memory array 201.

Ideally, the voltage regulators 110 and 210 can provide the same common plate voltage, e.g., about 0.45*V_(DD), during their standby mode. Due to a process variation, however, the applicants find that a threshold voltage (V_(t)) mismatch of input transistor pair (not shown) of an operational amplifier 160 (shown in FIG. 3) of the voltage regulator 110 may occur. The threshold voltage mismatch can cause the difference between the common plate voltages V_(CP1) and V_(CP2). The common plate voltage mismatch results in a contention current flowing between the voltage regulators 110 and 210. If the memory macros 100 and 200 are both under the standby mode, and the bulks and the drains of the transistors of each output stage of the voltage regulators 110 and 210 were not reverse biased, the contention current will be high as shown below in the second column of Table 1. Due to the high contention current, the power consumption of the memory macros 100 and 200 during the standby mode is high, too.

As noted, the bulks and the drains of the transistors of each output stage of the voltage regulators 110 and 210 are reverse biased during their standby modes. Due to the reverse-biased transistors, the contention current between the voltage regulators 110 and 210 can thus be reduced as shown below in the third column of Table 1. As shown in Table 1, the contention current between the voltage regulators 110 and 210, in some embodiments, can be saved by as much as 76.5%.

TABLE 1 Not reverse V_(t) mismatch (mV) biased Reverse biased of input pairs of Contention Contention Contention current operational current current reduction amplifier (μA) (μA) percentage (%) 5 25.1 5.9 76.5 10 123.6 35.4 71.4 15 460.3 178.9 61.1 20 1123.6 597.1 46.9

It is noted that the data shown in Table I corresponds to the memory macros 100 and 200, both of which are under the standby mode. In some embodiments, the memory macro 100 can be operated under the standby mode and the memory macro 200 can be operated under the access mode. The contention current between the voltage regulators 110 and 210 is higher than the contention current in which the memory macros 100 and 200 both are operated under the standby mode as shown in Table 1.

FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing illustrating an exemplary voltage regulator. In some embodiments, the voltage regulator 110 can include the operational amplifier 160 that can be electrically coupled with the output end 110 a of the voltage regulator 110. As noted, the operational amplifier 160 can include an input transistor pair (not shown). One of the input transistor pair can receive a reference voltage V_(ref). Another one can be electrically coupled with the output end 110 a of the voltage regulator 110. The operational amplifier 160 can compare the reference voltage V_(ref) and the voltage level on the output end 110 a, outputting a signal to control the output stage 120. The output signal from the output of the operational amplifier 160 is received at the corresponding gates of the PMOS transistor 121 and the NMOS transistor 125.

In some embodiments, the voltage regulator 110 can optionally include a common source amplifier 170 that can be electrically coupled between the output stage 120 and the operational amplifier 160. The common source amplifier 170 can amplify the signal from the operational amplifier 160 for controlling the output stage 120. In other embodiments, one or more stages can be optionally disposed between the operational amplifier 160 and the common source amplifier 170 and/or between the common source amplifier 170 and the output stage 120.

Referring to FIG. 3, the back-bias circuit 130 can include at least one switching circuit, e.g., switching circuits 140 and 150. The switching circuit 140 can be electrically coupled between the bulk of the PMOS transistor 121 and a power line for providing a power voltage, e.g., power voltage V_(PP). The switching circuit 150 can be electrically coupled between the bulk of the NMOS transistor 125 and a power line for providing a power voltage, e.g., power voltage V_(BB).

In some embodiments, the switching circuit 140 can be electrically coupled with the power lines for providing power voltages V_(PP) and V_(DD). The switching circuit 150 can be electrically coupled with the power voltage V_(BB) and V_(SS). In some embodiments, the power voltage V_(PP) is higher than the power voltage V_(DD). For example, the power voltage V_(PP) is substantially equal to V_(DD)+0.5 V. In other embodiments, the power voltage V_(SS) is higher than the power voltage V_(BB). For example, the power voltage V_(BB) is substantially equal to V_(SS)-0.5 V.

During the access mode of the memory macro 100, the switching circuit 140 can electrically couple the power voltage V_(DD) to the bulk of the PMOS transistor 121 and electrically isolate the bulk of the PMOS transistor 121 from the power voltage V_(PP) Also, the switching circuit 150 can electrically couple the power voltage V_(SS) to the bulk of the NMOS transistor 125 and electrically isolate the bulk of the NMOS transistor 125 from the power voltage V_(BB). Since the drains of the PMOS transistor 121 and the NMOS transistor 125 are electrically coupled with the power voltages V_(DD) and V_(SS), respectively, the bulks and drains of the PMOS transistor 121 and the NMOS transistor 125 are not reverse biased.

If the memory macro 100 is switched from the access mode to the standby mode, the switching circuit 140 can switch the electrical coupling of the bulk of the PMOS transistor 121 from the power voltage V_(DD) to the power voltage V_(PP), such that the bulk and the drain of the PMOS transistor 121 are reverse biased. Also, the switching circuit 150 can switch the electrical coupling of the bulk of the NMOS transistor 125 from the power voltage V_(SS) to the power voltage V_(BB), such that the bulk and the drain of the NMOS transistor 125 are reverse biased.

FIG. 4 is a schematic drawing illustrating another exemplary voltage regulator. In FIG. 4, in some embodiments the switching circuit 140 can comprise at least one transistor, e.g., PMOS transistors 141 and 145. The PMOS transistors 141 and 145 can be electrically coupled between the bulk of the PMOS transistor 121 and the power lines for providing the power voltage V_(PP) and V_(DD), respectively. The switching circuit 150 can comprise at least one transistor, e.g., NMOS transistors 151 and 155. The NMOS transistors 151 and 155 can be electrically coupled between the bulk of the NMOS transistor 125 and the power lines for providing the power voltage V_(BB) and V_(SS), respectively. In some embodiments, an effective gate dielectric thickness of the PMOS transistor 141 is larger than each effective gate dielectric thickness of the PMOS transistors 121 and 145. In other embodiments, an effective gate dielectric thickness of the NMOS transistor 151 is larger than each effective gate dielectric thickness of the NMOS transistors 125 and 155. In still other embodiments, the effective gate dielectric thickness of the PMOS transistor 141 is substantially equal to that of the NMOS transistor 151.

Referring to FIG. 4, the gate of the PMOS transistor 141 can be electrically coupled with the gate of the NMOS transistor 155. The gates of the PMOS transistor 141 and the NMOS transistor 155 can receive a signal S_(A). The gate of the PMOS transistor 145 can be electrically coupled with the gate of the NMOS transistor 151. The gates of the PMOS transistor 145 and the NMOS transistor 151 can receive another signal S_(B). In other embodiments, the gates of the PMOS transistor 141 and the NMOS transistor 155 are not coupled to each other and can separately receive the signal S_(A). The gates of the PMOS transistor 145 and the NMOS transistor 151 are not coupled to each other and can separately receive the signal S_(B).

During the access mode of the memory macro 100, the signal S_(A) can have a high voltage state and the signal S_(B) can have a low voltage state. The high voltage state signal S_(A) turns off the PMOS transistor 141 and turns on the NMOS transistor 155. The turned-on NMOS transistor 155 can electrically couple the power voltage V_(SS) to the bulk of the NMOS transistor 125. The low voltage state signal S_(B) turns off the NMOS transistor 151 and turns on the PMOS transistor 145. The turned-on PMOS transistor 145 can electrically couple the power voltage V_(DD) to the bulk of the PMOS transistor 121. Since the drains of the PMOS transistor 121 and the NMOS transistor 125 are electrically coupled with the power voltages V_(DD) and V_(SS), respectively, the bulks and drains of the PMOS transistor 121 and the NMOS transistor 125 are not reverse biased.

If the memory macro 100 is switched from the access mode to the standby mode, the signal S_(A) can go low to a low voltage state and the signal S_(B) can go high to a high voltage state. The low voltage state signal S_(A) turns off the NMOS transistor 155 and turns on the PMOS transistor 141. The turned-on PMOS transistor 141 can electrically couple the power voltage V_(PP) to the bulk of the PMOS transistor 121. The high voltage state signal S_(B) turns off the PMOS transistor 145 and turns on the NMOS transistor 151. The turned-on NMOS transistor 151 can electrically couple the power voltage V_(BB) to the bulk of the NMOS transistor 125. The bulk and drain of each of the PMOS transistor 121 and the NMOS transistor 125 are reverse biased.

It is noted that the back-bias circuit 130, the switching circuits 140 and 150, and the transistors described above in conjunction with FIGS. 3 and 4 are merely exemplary. In some embodiments, the back-bias circuit 130 can include a voltage divider, a plurality of series diodes, a plurality of series resistors, at least one switch, a multiplexer, at least one power source, one or more components that are suitable to be assembled to form the back-bias circuit 130, or any combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the back-bias circuit 130 can be any circuit that can be configured to adjust the voltages on the bulks of the PMOS transistor 121 and the NMOS transistor 125.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method of operating a memory circuit. Referring to FIGS. 1, 2, and 5, in step 510 the at least one transistor, e.g., the PMOS transistor 121 and the NMOS transistor 125, of the output stage 120 of the voltage regulator can be electrically coupled between the power voltages V_(DD) and V_(SS) during the standby mode of the memory array 101. In step 520, the bulk and the drain of the at least one transistor of the voltage regulator 110 can be reverse biased during the standby mode of the first memory array. In some embodiments, the step 510 can be performed prior to the step 520. In other embodiments, the steps 510 and 520 can be performed simultaneously. In still other embodiments, the method of operating the memory circuit can include the operations of the memory macros, memory arrays, voltage regulators, back-bias circuits, switching circuits, and/or transistors described above in conjunction with FIGS. 1-4.

FIG. 6 is a schematic drawing showing a system including an exemplary memory circuit. In FIG. 6, a system 600 can include a processor 610 coupled with a memory circuit 601. The memory circuit 601 can be similar to the memory circuit described above in conjunction with FIG. 2. The processor 610 can be a processing unit, central processing unit, digital signal processor, or other processor that is suitable for accessing data of memory circuit.

In some embodiments, the processor 610 and the memory circuit 601 can be formed within a system that can be physically and electrically coupled with a printed wiring board or printed circuit board (PCB) to form an electronic assembly. The electronic assembly can be part of an electronic system such as computers, wireless communication devices, computer-related peripherals, entertainment devices, or the like.

In some embodiments, the system 600 including the memory circuit 601 can provide an entire system in one IC, so-called system on a chip (SOC) or system on integrated circuit (SOIC) devices. These SOC devices may provide, for example, all of the circuitry needed to implement a cell phone, personal data assistant (PDA), digital VCR, digital camcorder, digital camera, MP3 player, or the like in a single integrated circuit.

In some embodiments, a method of operating a first voltage regulator comprises electrically coupling a transistor of an output stage of the first voltage regulator between a first power voltage and a second power voltage, and reverse biasing a bulk of the transistor by a back-bias circuit during a standby mode of a memory array. The first voltage regulator is coupled to a second voltage regulator and reverse biasing the bulk of the transistor reduces a contention current between the first voltage regulator and the second voltage regulator.

In some embodiments, a method of operating a memory circuit comprises electrically coupling a transistor of an output stage of a voltage regulator between a first power voltage and a second power voltage, and reverse biasing a bulk of the transistor by a back-bias circuit during a standby mode of a first memory array. The first memory array is coupled to the voltage regulator and to a second memory array of the memory circuit, and reverse biasing the bulk of the transistor reduces a contention current between the first memory array and the second memory array.

In some embodiments, method of reducing a contention current between a first memory macro and a second memory macro comprises electrically coupling an output stage transistor of a first voltage regulator of the first memory macro between a first power voltage and a second power voltage, electrically coupling an output stage transistor of a second voltage regulator of the second memory macro between the first power voltage and the second power voltage, an output of the second voltage regulator being coupled to an output of the first voltage regulator, and reverse biasing a bulk of the output stage transistor of the first voltage regulator by a back-bias circuit during a standby mode of the first memory macro.

The foregoing outlines features of several embodiments so that those skilled in the art may better understand the aspects of the present disclosure. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they may readily use the present disclosure as a basis for designing or modifying other processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/or achieving the same advantages of the embodiments introduced herein. Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions, and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of operating a first voltage regulator, the method comprising: electrically coupling a transistor of an output stage of the first voltage regulator between a first power voltage and a second power voltage; and reverse biasing a bulk of the transistor by a back-bias circuit during a standby mode of a memory array, wherein the first voltage regulator is coupled to a second voltage regulator and reverse biasing the bulk of the transistor reduces a contention current between the first voltage regulator and the second voltage regulator.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein reverse biasing the bulk of the transistor comprises: electrically isolating the bulk of the transistor from one of the first power voltage or the second power voltage; and electrically coupling the bulk of the transistor to a third power voltage.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the third power voltage is higher than the first power voltage and the second power voltage, or the first power voltage and the second power voltage are higher than the third power voltage.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein reverse biasing the bulk of the transistor comprises switching an electrical coupling of the bulk of the transistor between nodes of the back-bias circuit in response to a signal.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein switching the electrical coupling of the bulk of the transistor comprises switching with a back-bias circuit transistor having an effective gate dielectric thickness larger than an effective gate dielectric thickness of the transistor.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein reverse biasing the bulk of the transistor comprises reverse biasing a drain of the transistor.
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising biasing the bulk of the transistor to the first power voltage or the second power voltage by the back-bias circuit during an access mode of the memory array.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the transistor is a P-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (PMOS) transistor and reverse biasing the bulk of the transistor comprises reverse biasing the PMOS transistor and reverse biasing an N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (NMOS) transistor of the output stage of the first voltage regulator.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein reverse biasing the PMOS transistor comprises biasing the PMOS transistor to a third power voltage higher than the first power voltage and the second power voltage, and reverse biasing the NMOS transistor comprises biasing the NMOS transistor to a fourth power voltage lower than the first power voltage and the second power voltage.
 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising reverse biasing a bulk of a transistor of an output stage of the second voltage regulator during the standby mode of the memory array.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein reducing the contention current between the first voltage regulator and the second voltage regulator comprises reducing the contention current on a conductive line carrying a common plate voltage applied to a capacitor plate of a memory cell of the memory array.
 12. A method of operating a memory circuit, the method comprising: electrically coupling a transistor of an output stage of a voltage regulator between a first power voltage and a second power voltage; and reverse biasing a bulk of the transistor by a back-bias circuit during a standby mode of a first memory array, wherein the first memory array is coupled to the voltage regulator and to a second memory array of the memory circuit, and reverse biasing the bulk of the transistor reduces a contention current between the first memory array and the second memory array.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein reverse biasing the bulk of the transistor comprises: electrically isolating the bulk of the transistor from one of the first power voltage or the second power voltage; and electrically coupling the bulk of the transistor to a third power voltage, wherein the third power voltage is higher than the first power voltage and the second power voltage, or the first power voltage and the second power voltage are higher than the third power voltage.
 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising operating the second memory array in an access mode while reverse biasing the bulk of the transistor during the standby mode of the first memory array.
 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising operating the second memory array in the standby mode while reverse biasing the bulk of the transistor during the standby mode of the first memory array.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein operating the second memory array in the standby mode comprises reverse biasing a bulk of a transistor of an output stage of another voltage regulator coupled to the voltage regulator, the first memory array, and the second memory array.
 17. The method of claim 12, wherein reducing the contention current between the first memory array and the second memory array comprises reducing the contention current on a conductive line carrying a common plate voltage applied to a capacitor plate of a memory cell of the first memory array and to a capacitor plate of a memory cell of the second memory array.
 18. A method of reducing a contention current between a first memory macro and a second memory macro, the method comprising: electrically coupling an output stage transistor of a first voltage regulator of the first memory macro between a first power voltage and a second power voltage; electrically coupling an output stage transistor of a second voltage regulator of the second memory macro between the first power voltage and the second power voltage, an output of the second voltage regulator being coupled to an output of the first voltage regulator; and reverse biasing a bulk of the output stage transistor of the first voltage regulator by a back-bias circuit during a standby mode of the first memory macro.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein reverse biasing the bulk of the output stage transistor of the first voltage regulator comprises: electrically isolating the bulk of the output stage transistor from one of the first power voltage or the second power voltage; and electrically coupling the bulk of the output stage transistor to a third power voltage, wherein the third power voltage is higher than the first power voltage and the second power voltage, or the first power voltage and the second power voltage are higher than the third power voltage.
 20. The method of claim 18, wherein reducing the contention current between the first memory macro and the second memory macro comprises reducing the contention current on a conductive line carrying a common plate voltage applied to a capacitor plate of a memory cell of the first memory macro and to a capacitor plate of a memory cell of the second memory macro. 